一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”,另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”,在某种程度上来说,对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实长难句并不可怕,在正确划分句子成分的基础上,运用一定的“拆分”技巧,化繁为简、化长为短,其意立马显现。所以,无论是从学语法的角度,还是从英语综合素养的角度,都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。
一、长难句的常见形式
1.复合句
这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生不清楚整个句子结构。其实,不管句子有多长、多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
一般来说,复合句中的从句都是很常见的,考生比较熟悉的,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1] What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).
[分析] 此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life”,是一个主语从句,其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句;is为主干句的系动词,后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
[例2] Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented(发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
[分析] 此句的主语为 Pasteur,谓语是 discovered,第一个that引导的是宾语从句,在宾语从句中 after引导状语从句,第二个that引导定语从句,第三个that引导同位语从句。