一、阅读与表达的关系：
“写”作为四项基本语言技能之一，其重要性是为外语教学界所公认的。但同时，教学界觉得写作教学难，教师批改学生作文也难。如何解决这些问题已成了摆在中学英语教师面前的一个值得深入探讨的课题。
“写”是人们进行交际活动的一种基本形式。与“读”一样，“写”也是通过文字传达信息，表达作者的思想感情。从写的心理活动过程来看，它与“说”相似，二者都是规则支配下创造性地复用所学语言材料的过程；表达者必须首先有传达信息或表达某秤思想感情的心理倾向，然后再根据一定规则将信息编码，产生有意义的句子和语段。因此，情景(包括外在客观的或内在想象的)是表达的外在诱发源，而表达者已有的知识体验则为表达提供背景知识，同时意念则成了表达的参照与内驱力，它可以在情景的映照下激活表达者大脑中储存的“Scheme”，然后再凭借词语对语篇进行构建。因此，“写”在不同程度上与听、说、读有着密不可分的联系。尤其与读更是修戚相关。这就要求学生们将这之前的所有的“听、说、读”诸方面的语汇积累重新按新的目的任务进行编排，同时在完成编排任务的过程中不断地补充已有语汇，以丰富自己的语言语库，提高英语书面表达能力 。
我们不妨可以这样理解它们的关系大概是这样的：写作能力好，一般来说需要大量的阅读积累；但是就算积累了大量的阅读经验，也未必文章写得好。这就涉及到一个有效阅读的问题。即按书面表达的任务要求，来选择有效的阅读材料。如果说“读”是信息的摄入，那么“写”就是信息的反馈与输出。“写”要经过大脑思维的加工、提炼，因此它是最有效、最积极的学习心理过程。
美国作家德尔文·G·舒伯特在其”Reading is Writing”一文中指出：教科书所编的阅读课文是写作素材的集散地，是语言现象的展示厅，是语法规则的剖析室，是文章体裁的示范本。因此，在侧重培养学生阅读能力的同时，应对学生进行各种形式的写的能力的训练。但笔者认为，以书面表达为目标，进行阅读训练；以书面表达为四中心，设置阅读任务，可以提高和改进同学们的阅读能力。
二、从表达上分析需要的阅读的内容，确定阅读范围。
以新目标八上Unit 8和为例：
本单元的主题是：How was your school trip? 要求通过本单元学习，学生能用英语谈论过去发生的事情。这是一个新的内容，中英文对比，表达过去的经历，中文不变形，过去式的体现主要由表示过去的时间状语和上下文来体现。而英语则主要通过谓语动词的变形来表达这一概念。时间状语只是起辅助作用。过去时是以中文为母语的学生学习过程中的一大难点。
教材在任务设计上，分别编排了一篇Kevin问Tina学校的最近一次效游。Tina先是到了水族馆，虽然没有看到鲨鱼，但是看到了海豚表演，且拍了很多照片。在水族馆里她和同学们见到了自已崇拜的明星。这个内容是一个能在青少年中引起共鸣的话题，教师要用好用足教材里的范文。
虽然没得到他的签名，但Tina拍下了她的”偶像” 的照片，她还是有所收获。另外，她还看了演出。这是篇Tina玩得开心的一段对话，对话中的“How was your school trip? Did you go to the zoo? I went to the aquarium. Were there any sharks? … but there were some really clever seals”等等，这些尽是本单元的目标语，过去时的表达法。这段听力训练的安排为下一步的书面表达作了铺垫。
接着，教材又设计了一篇Tony 问及Tina的last day off, 最近的那个遭糕的那个假日的情况，即用过去时来表达郁闷的各类句型。Tony 问及Tina 最近的那个假日的一些睛况。事实上，那天她们去野营，但整天下雨，她们只得开车兜风，聊以渡日。Tina觉得泛味，于是她便问Tony 他最近的假日过得怎样？Tony 告诉她，他要准备考试，复习功课复习的很晚，第二天又睡过了头。本应该约Dave 一块去玩，可是当地Tony 第二天醒来已经中午12点了。Tony 来到Dave家，D已经去海滩了。Tony也只好回家帮老爸打扫院子，他忙一整天。这篇对话里，同学们学到时了: How was your day off? It was awful. The weather was terrible. It was really boring. ….sounds like a busy day off.
这些句子都是Unit 8里的书面表达要用到的主要句型，也是本单元的目标语。以听力的形式引入重点内容，符合语言习得的基本规律。先听后说，先读后写；听说领先，读写跟上。从编排上讲，可以说是环环相扣，丝丝入里。教材在听力训练时专门列出了表格帮助同学们准确迅速地通过听来获取信息。
|
|
Helped mom
|
Slept late
|
Went for drive
|
Went camping in
the rain
|
|
Tony
|
∨
|
∨
|
|
|
|
Tina
|
|
|
∨
|
∨
|
三、阅读教学，借鉴听力教学的方法。
为了配合本单元的Section B的3c的书面表达，教材在3c之前的3a 3b设置了两篇范文，加上Section A里的听力部分的学过的重点句型，可以完全满足”A letter about your day off”局面表达的需要。同学的程度有所差异，对于中下的同学，利用教材里的已有语语言材构成一篇内容、形式相近的一篇书面表达足够了。对学得快、程度高点的同学可以让他们有发挥的空间，因此，我们不妨再添两篇内容相关的短文，以丰富同学们的书面表达的需要。在教法上借鉴听力的方法。
The summer vacation is over. It’s true that time flies very fast.
In the vacation, the weather was hot and I could not do much work, but I lived happily.
As the afternoon was hot, I did my work in the morning. I got up at 6:30 am and took a walk in the garden for half an hour. After breakfast I began reading English and Chinese and did some math exercises. Those would take me three hours or more. I worked quite hard and I made great progress.
I spent the afternoon outside. I went to swim and it was fun. I would not go home until it was late at about five or six o’clock. Sometimes a friend of mine would come to see me and we would spend some time listening to music.
In this way I spent my vacation happily. And I not only studied well but also became a good swimmer. Now I’m in good health and high spirits.
以例表的方式可以清析地整理出短文的主要内容，大大方便同学们理解。
|
The summer Vacation
|
|
Activities
|
Time used
|
|
Morning
|
Take a walk
|
Half an hour
|
|
Read English and
Chinese or
do some maths
exercises
|
Three hours or
more
|
|
Afternoon
|
Go to swim
|
Until it was five
Or six o’clock
|
|
Listen to music
|
sometimes
|
|
Time flies fast; spend his vacation happily;
… he is in good health and high spirit.
|
表格的最后一行是作者对这个快乐的暑假的观点。有些同学做书面表达练习时，内容都还好，结尾不写或写不出来，这篇短文提供了一个示范。对照上面的表格，下面的问题就迎刃而解了。
( A ) 1. The passage mainly tells us __________________
A. how the writer spent his summer vacation.
B. what the weather is like in summer.
C. how the write became a good swimmer.
D. what the writer studied and exercised in the vacation.
(B ) 2. how long the did it take the write to study?
A. Half an hour B. three hours or more
B. Only a day D. Two hours and a half
(D ) 3. The writer spent most of the afternoon______________
A. listening to music B. visiting his friends
B. walking in the garden D. swimming
(B ) 4. The writer had a very good summer vacation because he_______________
A. worked very hard and made good progress.
B. made progress in his study and had fun swimming.
C. got up early and went home late.
D. liked swimming better than studying.
本题从第三段最后一句话得到答案：I worked quite hard and I made great progress.
( C ) 5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. The writer made progress in his lessons.
B. The writer took a walk for half an hour before breakfast.
C. The writer began studying as soon as he got up.
D. The writer spent more time swimming than listening to music.
以下是另一个例子；如果说上一篇是作者一种积极的情绪体验，那么下面这篇则表达了作者的消极思想。
I just came back from the harbor. What a terrible trip I have had. The ship is big but, we had nothing to do. When we arrived in Sweden this morning, we were not allowed to get off the ship......Then the ship stopped there for some hours and came back to Finland.
It is just a shopping trip. There is a big shop on the ship and they asked you to buy perfumes and cosmetics and clothes and toys in it.
Although the prices are quite cheaper than other shops in Finland, you
can't do shopping all the time. Besides the shop, there are a lot of bars and restaurants and dancing places.
Yesterday evening, my host sister, our friend Elena and I went to a bar called "moonlight". People can sing in it. But just Finnish songs. I was so bored to sit in there. I had nothing to do and almost all the people were smoking there. I hate smoking. And a lot of people were drinking. They always drink a lot and I hate staying there. So I just stayed there for a short time and left.
I went back to the room. I preferred sleeping to staying in the bar. But my host sister and Elena stayed there for the whole night and came back to the room in the morning.
Now in Finland they are having winter time. And the time in Finland is 6 hours before the time in Shanghai. It was a terrible trip. I would never take such a trip again.
阅读后回答下面的问题判断正（T）误（F）：
以活动内容为主题，例出表格，可以很快地找到谁做了什么。
|
Names
Activities
|
Writer
|
Host sister
|
Elena
|
|
Shopping in Sweden
|
×
|
×
|
×
|
|
Dancing on the ship
|
∨
|
∨
|
∨
|
|
Having dinner in the
restaurant on the ship
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
Spending the whole night in the bar on the ship.
|
×
|
∨
|
∨
|
|
Having fun swimming
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
( F ) 1. The writer did some shopping in Sweden.
( T ) 2. Besides shopping on the ship, the writer could also go dancing
on the ship.
( F ) 3. Yesterday evening the writer’s host sister, Elena and she went to a restaurant on the ship and had dinner there.
( F ) 4. The writer preferred staying in the bar to sleeping, so she stayed in the bar the whole night.
( F ) 5. The writer is probably from Beijing?
本文作者叙述自已的一次不太愉快的旅行，内容真实可信，语言也比较平实，作者用了过去时叙述了那次旅行。如：came back from; arrived in; such a trip; stopped there for; asked you to; stayed there for; preferred sleeping to staying; would never take, were not allowed to get off; 读完之后同学们也可以模仿着学习用过去时来述说发生过的事情。特别是以下这几句，和前一篇比较，它是一篇“一次不愉快的旅行”的描述，前文展示了愉快心情的表达，而本文则是心中不快的表达。同学们可以把这些句子用于书面表达的开头或结尾。
“What a terrible trip I have had. It was a terrible trip. It is just a shopping trip I would never take such a trip again.”
又如；本篇考查的内容多元化，有活动内容，有词汇理解，有时间地点壮语。本着为书面表达服务的宗旨，可以设计一些问题：
I am Cathy Brown. I am now working for the Sunshine Travel Agency in Changsha. I have just come back from Taiwan, the biggest island of China. It is in the Pacific Ocean to the east of Fujian.
Last week, I took a group of French holidaymakers for a week’s trip to Taiwan. We traveled all around the island. I found it is as beautiful as many other places of the country. And there are a lot of places of interest. My favorite place is the Sun and Moon Lake. You may ask why people call it so. If you fly high up over the lake and look down around from your plane, you will find the answer by yourself. In the middle of this lake, there is a small island. People call it Pearl Island because it looks like a pearl. On one side of Pearl Island, the lake looks like a sun, and on the other side it looks like a moon. That is why people call the lake Sun and Moon Lake. We also had a dance party with Gaoshan People. During our last day we got up early and saw very beautiful sunrise.
( ) 1. Cathy went to Taiwan ______________
A. on Sunday B. last week C. the day before yesterday D. last year
( ) 2. Cathy likes______________ best.
A. Pearl Island B. the Ali Mountain
C. the Sun and Moon Lake D. Fujian
( ) 3. What does the underlined word “holidaymakers” mean in the passage?
A. 新闻工作者 B. 外出度假者
C．图书管理员 D. 导游
( ) 4. How long did they stay in Taiwan?
A. For a month B. For a week
B. For three days D. For one day only
( ) 5. Which of these sentences is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Cathy went to Taiwan with some French tourists.
B. Taiwan is the biggest island in China.
C. They saw beautiful sunrise there everyday.
D. Cathy enjoyed herself during the trip.
问题：
1.When did Cathy go to Taiwan?
2.What is her favorite place to visit?
3.What do you mean by “holidaymakers?”
4.How long did Cathy and her group stay in Taiwan?
1的答案为A，是显儿易见的，2的选项短文也不难找到答案My favorite place is the Sun and Moon Lake. C是正确选项。 4虽然不是一眼就可以看出，但结合第四段和第三句就不难断定为B。而D是3 的最佳选项。第5题应从第三段的最后一句和最后一段的是最后一句During our last day we got up early and saw very beautiful sunrise. 加以归纳，C是最佳选项。
我们无论在打表格，填信息和设问题的这一过程便是/早已把我们所要用到的所有信息全都一一整理了出来了。回答这个问题只需要从表中浏览一下这些信息和回答所设计的问题便可以毫不费力地找到。
从表达角度出发，要求要表达的内容是最近的那个/一节假日的情况。选的短文，可以看做是书面表达范文。紧扣单元的主题：“How was your school trip?”在短文中我们还学到了目标语：
spend time doing ……, make great progress, That would take hours or more……和一般过去时的用法，spent, made, 和would take
这也是一篇与本单元主题即本单元的的书面表达有类似之处的短文；争对本篇阅读后的几个问题，教师不妨以时间和活动的顺序主线划出一张表格，引导学生快速准确地找出所需信息。（以下有一张表格）
通过设计表格，尤如给同学们在寻宝的途中为他们作出了路标，继而他们经过不断地练习，让同学们自己掌握以列表的形式从短文中快速而准确地搜索隐藏在文章中的有用的信息。
( D ) 1. Cathy went to Taiwan __________.
A. on Sunday B. last week C. the day before yesterday D. last year
( C ) 2. Cathy likes _________ best.
A. Pearl Island B. the Ali Mountain
C. the Sun and Moon Lake D. Fujan
( B) 3. What does the underlined word “holidaymakers ” mean in the passage?
A.新闻工作者 B外出度假者 C图书管理员 D导游
( B) 4. How long did they stay in Taiwan?
A. For a month B. For a week
C. For three days D. For one day only
( C) 5. Which of these sentences is Not true according to the passage?
A. Cathy went to Taiwan with some French tourists.
B. Taiwan is the biggest island in China.
C. They saw beautiful sunrise there every day.
D. Cathy enjoyed herself during the trip.
根据表格列出的内容，以上这些问题的答案一目了然：
1-5：DCBBC
通过过做阅读训练，我们还可以得到一些丰富书面表达内容的句型，如：
have just come back from…; traveled all around…;
found it beautiful…; places of interest;
Travel Agency; the Sun and Moon Lake
四．结合本单元主题布置与阅读练习内容接近的书面表达练习；
The Browns 住在波士顿去度假。下面是他们的旅行日程安排，请根据表内的信息，简单介绍他们的假期生活。（以下有表格）
这里根据学生的程度，本着平时练习从难不从简的原则，可以考虑该表的三、四栏只提供职中文，而对程度差的同学生提全表。
五、总之，教师在进行阅读教学前最好先分析和探讨书面表达这页，即：按书面表达的要求上好教材内的范文，帮助同学们整理出重点句型主要就是每一单元的目标语。并以书面表达的内容给同学们补充一些文章，拓展同学们的视野，丰富学生们的英语语汇。
只有将阅读和书面表达相结合，才能收到好的效果，这要求师们认真钻研教材，但又不能拘泥于材。即符合课改的要求，也是新课程理念的要求。